The Casual Relationship of Parental Bonding with Self-Handicapping and Self-Confidence with Mediating Role of Imposter Phenomenon in Graduate Students

Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran

2 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to examine a model of casual relationship of parental bonding with self-handicapping and self-confidence, with mediating role of imposter phenomenon in graduate students of ShahidChamranUniversity. The sample of this study were 400 graduate students (239 female and 161 male) who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments of this study consisted of Parental Bonding Instrument, Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale, Defensive Self-Presentation Tactics Scale and Esoteric Analogies Test. Path analysis and bootstrapping were used to examine the direct and indirect paths of original model. The findings of the present study indicate that high maternal care leads to increased self-confidence. Low paternal care and paternal protectiveness lead to imposter phenomenon in students. Also, the imposter phenomenon was a positive predictor of self-handicapping.  Furthermore, the results indicated that the indirect paths of low paternal care and paternal protectiveness, with self-handicapping, mediated by imposter phenomenon, were significant. A modified model was also tested and fitted better to the data.

Keywords


بساک‌نژاد، سودابه. (1384). بررسی روابط ساده و چندگانه ترس از موفقیت، عزت‌نفس، کمال‌گرایی و ترس از ارزیابی منفی با نشانگان وانمودگرایی در دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.پایان‌نامه دکتری روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
حیدری، محمود؛ دهقانی، محسن؛ خداپناهی، محمدکریم. (1388). بررسی تأثیر شیوه فرزندپروری ادراک شده و جنس بر خودناتوان‌سازی.  فصلنامه خانواده‌ پژوهی، شماره 18، 137-125.
شهنی ییلاق، منیجه؛ بساک‌نژاد، سودابه. (1386). بررسی رابطه انواع راهبردهای خودابرازی دفاعی با نشانگان وانمودگرایی.  دو ماهنامه علمی-پژوهشی دانشور رفتار، شماره 25، سال چهاردهم، دوره جدید، صص. 74-61.
Agostini, A., Rizzello, F., Ravegnani, G., Gionchetti, P., Tambasco, R., Ercolani, M., & Campieri, M. (2010). Parental Bonding and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.  Psychosomatics, 51, 14-21.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 1-103.
Baumrind, D. (2005). Patterns of parental authority and adolescent autonomy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 108, 61-69.
Bennett, C. S. (2006).  Attachment theory and research applied to the conceptualization and treatment of psychological narcissism. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34 (1), 45-60.
Berglas, S., & Jones, E. E. (1978). Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 405-417.
Berk, L. E. (2003). Child development (6th ed.).Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Bowlby, J. (2005). The making and breaking of affection bonds. New York: Rutledge.
Castro, D. M., Jones, R. A., & Mirsalimi, H. (2004). Prettification and the impostor phenomenon:  An empirical investigation.  American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 205-216.
Chrisman, S. M., Pieper, W. A., Clance, P. R., Holland, C. L., &
Glickauf-Hughes, C. (1995).  Validation of the Clance Impostor
Phenomenon Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65 (3), 456-467.
Clance, P. R. (1985). The imposter phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success.  Atlanta, GA: Peachtree.
Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic interaction. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15 (3), 241-247.
Cowman, S. E., & Ferrari, J. R. (2002). Am I for real? Predicting impostor tendencies from self-handicapping and affective components. Social Behavior and Personality, 30 (2), 119-126.
Fischer, J., & Crawford, D. (1992). Codependency and parenting styles. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 352-363.
French, B. F., Ullrich-French, S. C., & Follman, D. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1270-1278.
Greaven, S. H., Santor, D. S., Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2000). Adolescent self-handicapping, depressive affect, and maternal parenting styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29 (6), 631-646.
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1988). Parent styles associated with children's self -regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 14-154.
Hill, J., Davis, R., Byatt, M., Burnside, E., Rollinson, L., & Fear, S. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: A general population study. Psychological Medicine, 30 (6), 1283-1291.
Hirabayashi, K. E. (2005). The role of parental style on self-handicapping and defensive pessimism in Asian American college students.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern   California.
Hirt, E. R., McCrea, S. M., & Kimble, C. E. (2010). Public self-focus and sex differences in behavioral self-handicapping: Does increasing self-threat still make it “just a man’s game? Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 1131-1141.
Imes, S. (1980).  The impostor phenomenon as a function of attribution patterns and internalized femininity/masculinity in high achieving women and men. Dissertation Abstracts International, 40, 5868-5869.
Jones, E. E., & Rhodewalt, F. (1982). The Self-Handicapping Scale. Retrieved from: http://www.psych.utah.edu/people/faculty/rhodewalt/ handicapsurvey.pdf.
Kelley, H. (1971).  Attribution and social interaction.  General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ.
Kendler, K. S. (1996). Parenting: A genetic-epidemiologic perspective.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 11-20.
Kleitman, S., & Gibson, J. (2011). Meta-cognitive beliefs, self-confidence and primary learning environment of sixth grade students. Learning and Individual Differences, xxx, 1-8.
Kleitman, S., & Moscrop, T. (2010). Self-confidence and academic achievements in primary-school children: Their relationships and links to parental bonds, intelligence, age, and gender. Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research, 14, 239-326.
Kleitman, S., & Stankov, L. (2007). Self-confidence and metacognitive processes.  Learning and Individual Differences, 17 (2), 161-173.
Kröner, S., & Bierman, A. (2007). The relationship between confidence and self-concept towards a model of response confidence. Intelligence, 35, 580-590.
Langford, J., & Clance, P. R.(1993). The impostor phenomenon: Recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality and family patterns and their implications for treatment.  Psychotherapy, 30, 495-501.
Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Oriando, A. E., & Funk, W. (2000). The imposter phenomen: Self-perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies. Journal of Personality, 68, 725-756.
Lee, S. J., Quigley, B. M., Nesler, M. S., Corbett, A. B., & Tedeschi, T. (1999). Development of a self- presentation tactics scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 269 (4), 701- 722. 
Lichtenstein, P., Ganiban, J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Pedersen, N. L., Hansson, K., Cederblad, M.,  Elthammar, O., & Reiss, D. (2003). Remembered parental bonding in adult twins: Genetic and environmental influences. Behavior Genetics, 33 (4), 397-408.
Liu, J., Li, L., & Fang, F. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the parental bonding instrument. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48, 582-589.
Mackinnon, A. J., Henderson, A. S., Scott, R., & Duncan-Jones, P. (1989). The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI): An epidemiological study in a general population sample.Psychological Medicine, 19, 1023-1034.
Mayerson, N. H., & Rhodewalt, F. (1988). The role of self-protective attributions in the experience of pain. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 203-218.
Moss, E., & St-Laurent, D. (2001). Attachment at school age and academic performance.  Developmental Psychology, 37, 863-874.
Pallier, G., Wilkinson, R., Danthiir, V., Kleitman, S., Knezevic, G., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R. (2002). The role of individual difference in the accuracy of confidence judgments.  Journal of General Psychology, 129 (3), 257-299.
Parker, G., Barrett, E., & Hickie, I. (1992). From nurture to network: Examining links between perceptions of parenting received in childhood and social bonds in adulthood.  American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 877-885.
Rikhye, K.,  Tyrka, A. R., Kelly, M. M., Gagne Jr., G. G., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Interplay between childhood maltreatment, parental bonding, and gender effects: Impact on quality of life. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 19-34.
Roskam, I., Meunier, J-C., & Stiévenart, M. (2011). Parent attachment, childrearing behavior, child attachment: Mediated effects predicting preschoolers’ externalizing behavior.  Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 170-179.
Sonnak, C., & Towell, T. (2001). The impostor phenomenon in British university students: Relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socio-economic status. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 863-874.
Stankov, L. (1997). The Gf/Gc Quickie Test Battery. Unpublished test battery. School of Psychology, University of Sydney.
Stankov, L. (1999). Mining on the "no man's land" between intelligence and personality.  In P. L. Ackerman, P. C. Kyllonen, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), Learning and individual differences: Process, trait, and content determinants (pp. 314-347). Washington, DC: American Psychological Society.
Terra, L., Hauck, S., Schestatsky, S., Fillipon, A. P., Sanchez, P., Hirakata, V., & Ceitlin, L. H. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Brazilian female populationAustralian and New   Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 348-354.
Want, J., & Kleitman, S. (2006). Imposter phenomenon and self-handicapping: Links with parenting styles and self-confidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 40 (5), 961-971.