Developing a model for depression in women living in Bushehr: A grounded theory study

Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Marriage and Family Therapy,Alliant International University, Irvine, California, USA

3 Assosit Professor, Department of Counseling and Psychology, University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas, Iran

Abstract

Depression is the most common psychological disorder with higher rates in women than men. Depression has attracted the attention of many specialists. This study aimed to develop a model for depression in women living in Bushehr using a grounded-theory and qualitative approach. The participants were 13 women who lived in Bushehr in 2021 and were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected through unstructured interviews and the data collection process continued until data saturation. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. A total of 127 primary codes were extracted through open coding and 12 main categories were identified via axial coding. The core category was women’s depression as loneliness and breakdown of emotional bonds. The findings showed that women’s depression is affected by some causal conditions such as traditional marriage, patriarchal attitudes, and social exclusion. Besides, insecure family climate, feeling of inequality, and traditional rituals are some of the contextual factors affecting women’s depression. Moreover, neglecting the personal growth of the girl and the sanctity of the main family are among the intervening conditions affecting women’s depression. The data also indicated that when women are faced with traumatic events, they tend to use strategies such as silence and avoidance, ultimately resulting in women’s depression with marital problems and family dysfunction. Following the findings of this study, it can be concluded that a set of individual, family, and social factors can affect the quality of life and mental health of women and end up in their depression

Keywords


Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research of Bushehr Province. (2018). Compilation of the document on improving the status of women and families in Bushehr province. Research Project http://khanevadeh.ostb.ir. (Persian)
Amani, R. (2020). The role of family function in teenager’s anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 13(2), 77-84. (Persian)
Ashaie, S. A., Hurwitz, R., & Cherney, L. R. (2019). APA Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(7), 1294-1299. (Persian)
Bakhtiarpour, S., Hafezi, F., Kouchaki, L., & Khajouni, E. (2013). Relationship between maternal depression, marital satisfacation and behavioral problems in girls from primary school in Ahvaz. Journal of new findings in psychology, 8(25), 41-54. (Persian)
Beck, A. T., & Clarck, D. A. (1988). Anxiety and depression: an information processing perspective. Anxiety Research, 1(5), 23-36.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of personality assessment67(3), 588-597.
Biabangard, I. (2017). Research methods in psychology and educational sciences. Tehran: Rovan Publishing House. (Persian)
Currier, D., Lindner, R., Spittal, M. J., Cvetkovski, S., Pirkis, J., & English, D. R. (2020). Physical activity and depression in men: Increased activity duration and intensity associated with lower likelihood of current depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260(1), 426-431.
Dehghani, M. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy based on attachment injury resolution model (AIRM) on trust, forgiveness, attachment injury and insecure attachment of women wounded by marital infidelity. Counseling Doctoral Dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. (Persian)
Disu, T. R., Anne, N. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Mamun, M. A. (2019). Risk factors of geriatric depression among elderly Bangladeshi people: A pilot interview study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(August 2019), 163-169.
Driessen, E., Van, H. L., Peen, J., Don, F. J., Kool, S., Westra, D., ... & Dekker, J. J. (2015). Therapist-rated outcomes in a randomized clinical trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy for major depression. Journal of affective disorders, 170(1), 112-118.
Dumas, J. E., Neese, D. E., Prinz, R. J., & Blechman, E. A. (2017). Shortterm stability of aggression, peer rejection, and depressive symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(1), 105-19.
Ershadi Manesh, S. (2021). A controlled comparison of the efficacy of creative problem solving therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy in adolescent' depression. Journal of Psychological Science, 20(100), 485-501. (Persian)
Farrell, A. K., Slatcher, R. B., Tobin, E. T., Imami, L., Wildman, D. E., Luca, F., & Zilioli, S. (2018). Socioeconomic status, family negative emotional climate, and anti-inflammatory gene expression among youth with asthma. Psych neuroendocrinology, 91(May 2018), 62-67.
Fava, G. A., Ruini, C., & Belaise, C. (2007). The concept of recovery in major depression. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 307-317.
Firat, M., Kanbay, Y., Gökmen, B. D., Utkan, M., & Okanli, A. (2021). Investigating the Factors Affecting Depression by Using Structural Equation Modeling. Galician medical journal, 28(1), 1-8.
Gahler, M. (2016). To divorce is to die a bit a longitudinal study of marital disrupt and psychological distress among Swedish women and men. The Family Journal Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 14(4), 372-82.
Gao, M., Du, H., Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (2019). Marital conflict behaviors and parenting: Dyadic links over time. Family relations68(1), 135-149.
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005) Psychometric Properties of a Persian-Language Version of the Beck Depression Inventory—Second Edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 185-192. (Persian)
Gol-parvar, M., & Oreyzi, H. (2009). The Mediating-Moderating Role of Women's Perceived Discrimination in Relation to Attachment Styles and Depression. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 7(2), 97-114. (Persian)
Haeri, H., bashardoust, S., & Saberi, H. (2021). Predicting social media addiction in adolescent student based on depression and narcissistic personality considering the mediating role of self-disclosure. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 22(1), 17-29. (Persian)
Hashemigolmehr, M., Amanelahi, A., farhadi, H., Aslani, K., & Rajabi, G. (2021). Introducing a Successful Marriage Paradigm: A Qualitative Study. Counseling Research and Development, 19(76), 141-171. (Persian)
Husain, N., Kiran, T., Fatima, B., Chaudhry, I. B., Husain, M., Shah, S., ... & Chaudhry, N. (2021). An integrated parenting intervention for maternal depression and child development in a low-resource setting: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Depression and anxiety, 38(9), 925-939.
Karakus, M. C., & Patton, L. C. (2011). Depression and the onset of chronic illness in older adults: A 12-year prospective study. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 38(3), 373-382
Lashgari, M., & Zarinpour, W. (2015). A review of factors affecting women's depression. National conference on the role of women in sustainable development. (Persian)
Lavelle, B., & Smock, P. J. (2012). Divorce and women’s risk of health insurance loss. Journal of health and social behavior, 53(4), 413-431.
Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 28-61.
Mofid, V., Fallahchai, S. R., & Samavi, S. A. (2022). Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Quality of Marital Relationship in Men and Women: A Qualitative Study. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling12(1), 1-30. (Persian)
Naderi, E., & Saif Naraghi, M. (2015). Research methods and how to evaluate them in humanities. Tehran: Badr Research and Publishing Office. (Persian)
Naveen, G. H., Varambally, S., Thirthalli, J., Rao, M., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2016). Serum cortisol and BDNF in patients with major depression- effect of yoga. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(3), 273-78.
Nikdel, M., Bakhtiyar Pour, S., Naderi, F., & Ehteshamzadeh, P. (2022). Investigating the Mediating Role of Meaning of Life in the Relationship between Depression, Family Emotional Atmosphere, and Suicidal Ideation in Drug-Addicted Women. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 12(4), 117-138. (Persian)
Rezaeifar, N., Dousti, Y., & Mirzaian, B. (2019). The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Based on Transactional Analysis on Marital Intimacy and Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Non-Clinical Depression. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(1), 35-42. (Persian)
Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (Eleventh edition.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Salarifar, M., Salehi, M., & Syarfard, Z. (2020). An Exploratory Study on The Relationship of Religious Metacognition with Depression and Suicidal thoughts. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 11(42), 97-120. (Persian)
Smithson, S., & Pignone, M. P. (2017). Screening adults for depression in primary care. Medical Clinics of North America, 101(4), 807-821.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1986). Basics of qualitative research. Translation: Ebrahim Afshar. Tehran: Nei Publications. (Persian)
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications
World Health Organization. (‎2017)‎. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. World Health Organization.
Zakalik, R. A., & Meifen, W. (2006). Adult Attachment, Perceived Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation, and Depression in Gay Males: Examining the Mediation and Moderation Effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 302-313.
Zare Shahabadi, A., & Nadarpoor, Y. (2016). An investigation into the relationship between patriarchy and violence against women in koohdasht. Social Welfare Quarterly16(60), 61-86. (Persian)
Zarghar, F., Ashouri, A., Asghari Pour, N., & Aghabaati, A. (2007). The Comparison of Family Functioning in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and Physically Ill Patients with no-Psychiatric Disorder in Isfahan. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 5(2), 99-106. (Persian)
Zarifnejad, G., Saberi, Noghabi, E., Delshad Noghabi, A., & Koshyar, H. (2014). The Relationship between Social Support and Morale of Elderly People in Mashhad in 2012. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 13(1), 3-12. (Persian)