The effectiveness of self-compassion therapy on self-control and self-expression of female students with self-injurious behaviors

Document Type : Original Research

Authors

1 PhD Student of counseling, Department of Counseling, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Masjed Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleiman,lran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy on self-control and self-expression of female students with self-injurious behaviors visiting a counseling center in District 3 of Ahvaz. To this end, four students who met the inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling. This study was conducted using a multiple baseline single-case experimental design. The self-compassion therapy program was conducted in 10 sessions. The participants completed the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS; Tangney et al., 2004) and the Assertiveness Self-Report Inventory (ASRI; Herzberger et al., 1984) in the three baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. The data were analyzed using the visual drawing method, reliable change index (RCI), and recovery rate formula. The results showed that self-compassion therapy increased the self-control and self-expression of female students. Following these results, it is recommended that school counselors use self-compassion therapy to promote the self-control and self-expression of students with self-injurious behaviors

Keywords


Aliado, B. (2022). The Relationship between Self-Compassion and Relational Assertiveness for Women in Psychotherapy (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).‏
Andersen, B., & Rasmussen, P. H. (2017). Transdiagnostic group therapy for people with self-critic and low self-esteem, based on compassion focused therapy principles. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(1), 1-11.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-017-0043-1
Asarnow, J. R., Porta, G., Spirito, A., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., ... & Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in the treatment of resistant depression in adolescents: findings from the TORDIA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50 (8), 772-781.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.04.003
Azadmanesh, M., Abolmaali-Alhosaini, K., & Mohamadi, A. (2020). Checking the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-control questionnaire in students. Psychometry, 8 (32); 107-123. (Persian)
Belenko, S., Knight, D., Wasserman, G. A., Dennis, M. L., Wiley, T., Taxman, F. S., ... & Sales, J. (2017). The Juvenile Justice Behavioral Health Services Cascade: A new framework for measuring unmet substance use treatment services needs among adolescent offenders. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 74(17), 80-91.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.12.012
Bell, T., Montague, J., Elander, J., & Gilbert, P. (2020). “A definite feel‐its moment”: Embodiment, externalisation and emotion during chair‐work in compassion‐focused therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(1), 143-153.‏  https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12248
Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Fernández-Fernández, R., Colino, L., Fajardo, L., Perteguer-Barrio, R., & De Leon, J. (2016). The addictive model of self-harming (non-suicidal and suicidal) behavior. Frontiers in psychiatry, 7(8), 1-7.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00008
Bulantika, S. Z., & Sari, P. (2019). The Effectiveness of Assertive Therapy Techniques and Thought-Stopping Techniques to Increase Student Assertiveness Ability. Biblio Couns: Jurnal Kajian Konseling Dan Pendidikan2(3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.30596/bibliocouns.v2i3.3736
Burch, J.M. (2017). The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Youth Anxiety and Depression (Doctoral dissertation, Fairleigh Dickinson University).
Cai, R. Y., & Brown, L. (2021). Cultivating self-compassion to improve mental health in autistic adults. Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 230-237.‏ https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0034
Damavandian, A., Golshani, F., Safarinia, M., & Baghdasarians, A. (2021). Comparison of the efficacy of compassion-based therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on aggression, self-harming behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of delinquent teenagers in Tehran Correctional Center. Social Psychology Research, 11(41), 31-58. (Persian)  https://doi.org/10.22034/spr.2021.253334.1579
Davila Gomez, M., Davila Pino, J., & Dávila Pino, R. (2020). Self-compassion and predictors of criminal conduct in adolescent offenders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(8), 1020-1033.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10926771.2019.1697778
Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2021). The relationship of compassion and self-compassion with personality and emotional intelligence. Personality and individual differences, 169(1), 109-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110109
Frostadottir, A. D., & Dorjee, D. (2019). Effects of mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and compassion focused therapy (CFT) on symptom change, mindfulness, self-compassion, and rumination in clients with depression, anxiety, and stress. Frontiers in psychology, 10(3), 1099.-1110‏. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099
Ghafarian, H., & Khayatan, F. (2017). The effect of compassion-based therapy therapy on self-concept and self-expressin of female students in the first year of high school. Journal of knowledge and research in applied psychology. 19 (1). 26-36. (Persian)
Godini AA, Rasouli M, Mohsenzadeh F. (2019). The effectiveness of group counseling based on metacognitive therapy and dialectic behavior therapy on reducing anxiety in boy adolescent of divorce. Int Clin Neurosci J, 6(3), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.15171/icnj.2019.19
 Heath, N., Toste, J., Nedecheva, T., & Charlebois, A. (2008). An examination of nonsuicidal self-injury among college students. Journal of mental health counseling, 30(2), 137-156.‏ https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.30.2.8p879p3443514678
Herzberger, S. D., Chan, E., & Katz, J. (1984). The development of an assertiveness self-report inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 317-323.‏ https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_16
Hormozinejad, M., & Shehni Yilaq, M. (2000). Examining the simple and multiple relationship between shortness of breath, social anxiety and perfectionism with the expression of existence of students of Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 7 (3 & 4), 29-50. (Persian)
Hoseinian, S., Nooripour R, Ghanbari N, Hossenzadeh S. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Self-Harmful Behaviors and Protective Factors of Substance Abuse in adolescent at juvenile correction and rehabilitation center. Journal of Addiction Research, 13(54), 205-228. (Persian) http://etiadpajohi.ir/article-1-2198-fa.html
Jacobson, C. M., & Gould, M. (2007). The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research11(2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110701247602
Juan-Pablo, G., & Stefan, M. (2004). Sexual risk behavior among adolescence: the role of socioeconomic and demographic household characteristics. In Global Forum for Health Research, Forum, Mexico City.
Kelly, A. C., Wisniewski, L., Martin‐Wagar, C., & Hoffman, E. (2017). Group‐based compassion‐focused therapy as an adjunct to outpatient treatment for eating disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy24(2), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2018
Kolts, R. L. (2016). CFT made simple: a clinician's guide to practicing compassion-focused therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Lane, J. D., & Gast, D. L. (2014). Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 24(3-4), 445-463.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.815636
Layton, R. L., & Muraven, M. (2014). Self-control linked with restricted emotional extremes. Personality and Individual Differences, 58(2), 48-53.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.004
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(5), 887-899.‏ https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
Luo, Y., Meng, R., Li, J., Liu, B., Cao, X., & Ge, W. (2019). Self-compassion may reduce anxiety and depression in nursing students: a pathway through perceived stress. Public Health, 174(9), 1-10.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.015
Miller, M., Redley, M., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2021). A qualitative study of understanding reasons for self-harm in adolescent girls. International journal of environmental research and public health18(7), 3361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073361
Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2007). Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicidal self-injury. Archives of suicide research, 11(1), 69-82.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110600992902
Nagy, L. M., Shanahan, M. L., & Baer, R. A. (2021). An experimental investigation of the effects of self-criticism and self-compassion on implicit associations with non-suicidal self-injury. Behavior research and therapy, 139(4), 103-119.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103819
Navarro-Gil, M., Lopez-del-Hoyo, Y., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Montero-Marin, J., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2020). Effects of attachment-based compassion therapy (ABCT) on self-compassion and attachment style in healthy people. Mindfulness, 11(1), 51-62.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0896-1
Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Nougai Kurd, R., Rashid, K., & Bayat, A. (2018). The effectiveness of teaching techniques from the first, second and third waves of psychotherapy on students' self-control. Faiz bi-monthly scientific-research magazine, 23 (2). 25-34. (Persian)
Ondrejková, N., Halamová, J., & Strnádelová, B. (2020). Effect of the intervention mindfulness based compassionate living on the-level of self-criticism and self–compassion. Current Psychology, 41(5), 2747-2754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00799-w
Owens-Sabir, M. C. (2007). The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Delinquency: Implications for Academic Achievement among African Americans. Jackson State University Researcher, 21(3), 59-82.‏
Parray, W. M., & Kumar, S. (2017). Impact of assertiveness therapy on the level of assertiveness, self-esteem, stress, psychological well-being and academic achievement of adolescents. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(12), 1476-1480.‏ http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list
Peterson, B. D., Eifert, G. H., Feingold, T., & Davidson, S. (2009). Using acceptance and commitment therapy to treat distressed couples: A case study with two couples. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(4), 430-442.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.009
Polk, K. L., Schoendorff, B., Webster, M., & Olaz, F. O. (2016). The essential guide to the ACT Matrix: A step-by-step approach to using the ACT Matrix model in clinical practice. California, New Harbinger Publications.
 Poppen, R. L. (1989). Some clinical implications of rule-governed behavior. In Rule-governed behavior (325-357). Springer, Boston, MA.‏
Samet, M. S. (2020). Studying the effect of self-control therapy (PST) in reducing self-harming behaviors among female students aged 15 to 18 years. Studies in Psychology and Educational Sciences, 31(6), 200-207.‎ (Persian) 20.1001.1.23831324.1394.9.28.4.6
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223-228.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
Sommers-Spijkerman, M. P. J., Trompetter, H. R., Schreurs, K. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2018). Compassion-focused therapy as guided self-help for enhancing public mental health: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 86(2), 101.-115‏. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000268
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Voellm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012). Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8): CD005652. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005652.pub2
Tangney, J. P., Boone, A. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2018). High self-control predicts             good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. In Self-regulation and self-control (173-212). Routledge.‏
Triplett, R., & Payne, B. (2004). Problem solving as reinforcement in adolescent drug use: Implications for theory and policy. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(6), 617-630.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.08.012
Witt, K. G., Hetrick, S. E., Rajaram, G., Hazell, P., Taylor Salisbury, T. L., Townsend, E., & Hawton, K. (2021). Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD013667. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013667.pub2